Cenitia Library
Practical guides to EU regulatory compliance.
Engineering-grade explainers of the regulations every hardware product entering the EU market has to meet. No legal-pad jargon, no AI filler — written by the same team that built Cenitia.
14 guides across 7 topics
CE Marking & Conformity
4How CE marking actually works — the conformity-assessment routes, when a Notified Body is mandatory, and the mistakes that get products stopped at the border.
- referenceCRA, RED, LVD, EMC, MDR
Conformity assessment Modules A through H — the EU CE marking decision guide
Every EU conformity assessment module — Module A self-assessment through Module H full quality assurance — when each applies and how to choose the right one.
- referenceCRA, RED, LVD, EMC, RoHS
Top 10 CE marking mistakes that trigger product withdrawal
Ten CE marking mistakes seen most often in market surveillance enforcement — each grounded in the specific EU regulation that defines the violation.
- guideCRA, RED, MDR
When you need a Notified Body — the EU CE marking decision guide
Decision guide for when a Notified Body must be involved in EU conformity assessment — by directive, by product type, by module — plus how to find one and what it costs.
- guideCRA, RED, LVD, EMC, RoHS, MDR
CE Marking 101 — the complete EU guide for hardware manufacturers
End-to-end CE marking guide for 2026: which products need it, the 24 directives behind it, the conformity assessment process, common mistakes, and penalties.
Declaration of Conformity
4What an EU Declaration of Conformity must contain, how to translate it, when to re-issue it, and how to sign it electronically.
- referenceCRA, RED, MDR
Declaration of Conformity translation requirements — every EU language explained
Which EU language(s) the Declaration of Conformity must be drawn up in, which language(s) must accompany the product per market, and what counts as a valid translation.
- tutorialCRA, RED, LVD, EMC, RoHS
Sample Declaration of Conformity — annotated walkthrough with template
Full annotated sample EU Declaration of Conformity for a connected IoT product, citing CRA, RED, LVD, EMC, RoHS — with explanation of each of the nine elements.
- guideCRA, RED
Updating a Declaration of Conformity after a regulation amendment
When a cited EU regulation or harmonised standard is amended, the Declaration of Conformity may need to be reissued. This guide explains when, how, and what to retain.
- guideCRA, RED, LVD, EMC, RoHS
Declaration of Conformity 101 — what it is, who needs it, how it's signed
EU Declaration of Conformity explained: which laws require one, the nine elements it must contain in 2026, common mistakes that void it, what changes the moment you sign.
Technical File & Risk Assessment
1The documentation behind the CE mark — what goes in the technical file, how long to keep it, and how to run a defensible risk assessment.
Cyber Resilience Act (CRA)
2The EU Cyber Resilience Act end to end — Annex I requirements, product classes, the reporting clock, overlap with NIS2, and the 2026–2027 deadlines.
- referenceCRA
CRA Annex I explained — the 21 essential cybersecurity requirements
Plain-English breakdown of the 13 design and 8 vulnerability-handling requirements under EU Cyber Resilience Act Annex I — what each means for a hardware product.
- guideCRA
CRA timeline and reporting obligations — September 2026, December 2027, and the 24-hour rule
Complete CRA timeline: 11 September 2026 ENISA reporting starts, 11 December 2027 full application. The 24-hour rule, 72-hour update, and final report explained.
Radio Equipment & EN 18031
1The RED cybersecurity delegated act and the EN 18031 harmonised standards — what the three parts cover, the radio conformity path, and where RED meets the CRA.
SBOM & Software Supply Chain
1Software Bills of Materials for hardware — CycloneDX vs SPDX, tooling for embedded builds, how often to regenerate, and recovering an SBOM from legacy firmware.
EU Authorised Representative
1When a non-EU manufacturer needs an EU Authorised Representative (EC REP), what it costs, how it differs from an importer, and the software-product specifics.